Pharmaceutical composition comprising pde9 inhibitor

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a PDE9 inhibitor. Specifically, the PDE9 inhibitor is (S)-7-(2-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)-1-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quin olin-4(5H)-one or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a PDE9 inhibitor.

BACKGROUND ART

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (hereinafter, referred to as cGMP) functioning as a second messenger in cells is known to play an important role in various physiological functions including learning and memory behaviors.

On the postsynaptic site of the brain neural circuits, nitrogen monoxide (hereinafter, referred to as NO) biosynthesized by a nitrogen monoxide synthetase activates a guanylate cyclase, which is a cGMP synthetase. The activated guanylate cyclase biosynthesizes cGMP from guanosine triphosphate. The cGMP activates a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (hereinafter, referred to as PKG) to phosphorylate various proteins participating in synapse plasticity. The activation of the NO/cGMP/PKG cascade is known to participate in the induction of synapse plasticity (Long Term Potentiation; hereinafter, referred to as LTP) of the hippocampus known as a neural substrate for learning and memory behaviors (for example, see Domek-Lopacinska et al., “Cyclic GMP metabolism and its role in brain physiology”, J Physiol Pharmacol., vol. 56, Suppl 2: pp. 15-34, 2005). A medicine activating the signal transmission of the cascade is known to improve LTP of the hippocampus and the learning behavior of animals, while a medicine inhibiting the cascade is known to exhibit the opposite action (Wang X., “Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase and cellular signaling in the nervous system”, J. Neurochem., vol. 68, pp. 443-456, 1997). Therefore, from these findings, an increase in cGMP in the brain is anticipated to lead to an improvement of learning and memory behaviors.

cGMP is metabolized to 5′-GMP having no PKG activation action by a phosphodiesterase (hereinafter, referred to as PDE). The PDE is known to have 11 families, and PDE9 is known to metabolize specifically cGMP, and to be expressed in the brain, the spleen, the small intestine and the like (for example, see Fisher et al., “Isolation and characterization of PDE9A, a novel human cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase”, J. Biol. Chem., vol. 273: pp. 15559-15564, 1998). That is, inhibition of PDE9 is anticipated to increase cGMP in brains. It is reported that a PDE9 inhibitor actually enhances hippocampus LTP, and improves the learning and memory behaviors in a novel-object recognition test/passive avoidance learning test or the like in animals (van der Stsay et al., “The novel selective PDE9 inhibitor BAY 73-6691 improves learning and memory in rodents”, Neuropharmacology, vol. 55: pp. 908-918, 2008). Clinically, guanylate cyclase activity decreases and possibility of a decrease in the cGMP level is indicated in the superior temporal cortex of Alzheimer's disease patients, (Bonkale et al., “Reduced nitric oxide responsive soluble guanylyl cyclase activity in the superior temporal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease”, Neurosci. Lett., vol 187, pp. 5-8, 1995). Therefore, the PDE9 has a possibility of having many close relations with pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric diseases, particularly with pathologies of cognitive dysfunctions and the like in the Alzheimer's disease, such as Alexander's disease, Alpers' disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; known as Lou Gehrig's disease or motor neuron disease), ataxia-telangiectasia, Batten's disease (known also as Spielmeyer-Vogt-Sjogren-Batten's disease), Binswanger's dementia (subcortical angiosclerotic encephalopathy), bipolar disorder, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Canavan's disease, chemotherapy induction dementia, Cockayne's syndrome, corticobasal degeneration, Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease, depression, Down's syndrome, frontotemporal lobe degeneration (including frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker's disease, glaucoma, Huntington's disease (chorea), HIV related dementia, hyperkinesis, Kennedy's disease, Korsakoffs syndrome (amnesic confabulation syndrome), Krabbe's disease, Lewy-bodies dementia, progressive logopenic aphasia, Machado-Joseph's disease (spinocerebellar ataxia type 3), multiple sclerosis, multiple atrophy (olivopontocerebellar atrophy), myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher's disease, Pick's disease, dementia presenilis (slight cognitive impairment), primary lateral sclerosis, primary progressive aphasia, radiation-induced dementia, Refsum's disease (phytanic acid storage disease), Sandhof's disease, Schilder's disease, schizophrenia, semantic dementia, senile dementia, Shy-Drager syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia, spinal muscle atrophy, Steele-Richardson-Olszewski's disease (progressive supranuclear palsy), and vascular amyloidosis and vascular dementia (multiple infarct dementia).

(S)-7-(2-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)-1-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c] quin olin-4(5H)-one represented by Formula (1) (to be simply referred to as “Compound A”) is known to have a PDE9 inhibitory activity. Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof is expected to be used for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or psychiatric diseases (WO2013/051369, WO2014/163147).

However, the relationship between the pharmacokinetics (hereinafter referred to as “PK”) of Compound A in human subjects, the therapeutically effective amount thereof to be expected and the results of In Vivo test thereof has not been known.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The present invention relates to the following <1> to <13>.

<1> An oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects, and said Compound A is (S)-7-(2-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quin olin-4(5H)-one represented by Formula (1).

<2> The oral dosage form of <1>, wherein said single daily dose ranges from about 50 mg to about 400 mg. <3> The oral dosage form of <1>, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-inf) of from about 72.6 to about 217.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects. <4> The oral dosage form of <1>, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-t) of from about 71.0 to about 210.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects. <5> An oral dosage form comprising about 25 mg to about 400 mg of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and said Compound A is (S)-7-(2-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-(tetrahydrofiuran-3-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quin olin-4(5H)-one represented by Formula (1).

<6> The oral dosage form of <5>, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects. <7> The oral dosage form of <5>, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean AUC(0-inf) of from about 72.6 to about 217.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects. <8> The oral dosage form of <5>, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean AUC(0-t) of from about 71.0 to about 210.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects. <9> The oral dosage form of <1> or <5>, wherein said oral dosage form is used for treatment of Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia. <10> A method of treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia, comprising administering orally to a human subject in need thereof a dosage form with a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to the human subject, and said Compound A is (S)-7-(2-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)-1-(tetrahydrofuan-3-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[44,3-c]quin olin-4(5H)-one represented by Formula (1).

<11> The method of <10>, wherein said single daily dose ranges from about 25 mg to about 400 mg. <12> The method of <10>, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-inf) of from about 72.6 to about 217.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to the human subject. <13> The method of <10>, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-t) of from about 71.0 to about 210.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to the human subject.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS I. Definitions

In order the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following definitions are provided for the purposes of the disclosure:

The term “effective amount” means an amount of drug of Compound A that is capable of achieving a therapeutic effect in a human subjective in need thereof.

The term “human subject” shall mean a normal healthy male or female volunteers and/or any individual that presents with clinical signs or symptoms of Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia.

The expression “bioequivalent” or “bioequivalence” is a term of art and is intended to be defined in accordance with Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, 34th Edition, which is published by the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, and is commonly known as the “Orange Book”. Bioequivalence of different formulation of the same drug substance involves equivalence with respect to the rate and extent of drug absorption. The extent and rate of absorption of the test formulation is compared to a reference formulation in order to determine whether the two formulations are bioequivalent. The standard bioequivalence study is conducted in crossover fashion by extensive testing which includes administering single doses of the test and reference drugs to a number of volunteers, usually 12 to 24 healthy normal adults, and then measuring the blood or plasma levels of the drug over time. Detailed guidelines for establishing the bioequivalence of a formulation with a reference formulation have been published by the FDA Office of Generic Drugs, Division of Bioequivalence.

Two formulations whose PK parameters such as Cmax, AUC, or tmax differ by −20%/+25% or less are generally considered to be “bioequivalent”. Another approach for average bioequivalence involves the calculation of a 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the averages (population geometric means) of the measures for the test and reference products. To establish bioequivalence, the calculated confidence interval should fall within usually 80-125% for the ratio of the product averages. In addition to this general approach, the others approach, including (1) logarithmic transformation of pharmacokinetic data, (2) methods to evaluate sequence effects and (3) methods to evaluate outlier data, may be useful for the establishment of bioequivalence. For example, in the above (1) the confidence interval should fall within usually 80-125% for the difference in the mean value of the logarithmic converted PK parameter.

The term “dosage form(s)” shall mean the means to administer the drug substance (active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)), or to facilitate dosing, administration, and delivery of the medicine to the patient and other mammals. Dosage forms are classified in terms of administration routes and application sites, including, for example, oral, topical, rectal, vaginal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, ophthalmic, nasal, otic and inhalation administration. Alternatively, dosage forms are classified in terms of physical form such as solid, semi-solid or liquid. Furthermore, dosage forms are subdivided based on their form, functions and characteristics, including, without limited, tablet, capsule or injection as described in monograph of Japanese Pharmacopoeia 16 edition (JP16) or General Chapter <1151> Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms of U.S. Pharmacopoeia-NF (37)(USP37).

The term “excipient” shall mean a typically inactive ingredient used as a vehicle (for example, water, capsule shell etc.), a diluent, or a component to constitute a dosage form or pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug such as a therapeutic agent. The term also encompasses a typically inactive ingredient that imparts cohesive function (i.e. binder), disintegrating function (i.e. disintegrator), lubricant function (lubricating agent), and/or the other function (i.e. solvent, surfactant etc.) to the composition.

The term “a mean” refers to a geometric mean. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as “a mean Cmax” or “a mean AUC” refer to the geometric mean value of a Cmax or an AUC.

If Compound A is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, “a mean Cmax for each 1 mg of Compound A” or “a mean AUC for each 1 mg of Compound A” shall mean a mean Cmax or a mean AUC for each 1 mg in terms of free form of Compound A.

If Compound A is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a single daily dose of pharmaceutically acceptable salt of Compound A shall be described as a value in terms of free form of Compound A in this application. In addition, if Compound A is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, an amount of pharmaceutically acceptable salt of Compound A contained in an oral dosage form shall be described as a value in terms of free form of Compound A in this application.

The list of the abbreviations and definitions of the terms used in this application is presented the following.

Ae(0-96 h): Cumulative amount of drug excreted in urine up to 96 hours postdose Amax: Maximum change (%) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentration compared to baseline at a single time point within 30 hours postdose AUAC(0-30 h): Area under the concentration-time curve from zero time to 30 hours postdose ΔAUAC(0-30 h): Change (%) in AUAC averaged over 30 hours postdose relative to baseline AUAC averaged over 3 hours predose for CSF cGMP, ie, (AUAC(0-30 h)/30−AUAC(−3-0 h)/3)/(AUAC(−3-0 h)/3) AUC: Area under the plasma concentration-time curve AUC(0-24 h): Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero time to 24 hours postdose AUC(0-30 h): Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero time to 30 hours postdose AUC(0-72 h): Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero time to 72 hours postdose AUC(0-t): Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time of last quantifiable concentration AUC(0-inf): Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinite time cGMP: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate CL/F: Apparent total clearance following extravascular (eg, oral) administration CLR: Renal clearance Cmax: Maximum observed concentration CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid

% CV: sqrt(exp[SD**2 of log-transformed data]−1)*100

Fe(0-96 h): Fraction of dose excreted in urine up to 96 hours postdose GM: Geometric mean QTcF: QT interval corrected using Fridericia's formula ΔQTcF: Mean change-from-baseline QTcF

ΔΔQTcF: Placebo-corrected ΔQTcF

SD: Standard deviation TAmax: Time at which Amax occurs for CSF cGMP t1/2: Terminal elimination half-life tlag: Absorption lag time tmax: Time to reach maximum (peak) concentration following drug administration Vz/F: Apparent volume of distribution at terminal phase

II. Description of the Embodiments

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects, and wherein said single daily dose ranges from about 25 mg to about 400 mg.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects, and wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-inf) of from about 72.6 to about 217.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects, and wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-t) of from about 71.0 to about 210.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In further embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form for treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In further embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form for treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects, and wherein said single daily dose ranges from about 25 mg to about 400 mg.

In further embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form for treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects, and wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-inf) of from about 72.6 to about 217.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In further embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form for treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects, and wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-t) of from about 71.0 to about 210.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form comprising about 25 mg to about 400 mg of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form comprising about 25 mg to about 400 mg of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form comprising about 25 mg to about 400 mg of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean AUC(0-inf) of from about 72.6 to about 217.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form comprising about 25 mg to about 400 mg of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean AUC(0-t) of from about 71.0 to about 210.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In further embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form for treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia comprising about 25 mg to about 400 mg of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In further embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form for treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia comprising about 25 mg to about 400 mg of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In further embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form for treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia comprising about 25 mg to about 400 mg of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean AUC(0-inf) of from about 72.6 to about 217.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In further embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form for treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia comprising about 25 mg to about 400 mg of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean AUC(0-t) of from about 71.0 to about 210.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia, comprising administering orally to a human subject in need thereof a dosage form with a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to the human subject.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia, comprising administering orally to a human subject in need thereof a dosage form with a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and wherein said single daily dose ranges from about 25 mg to about 400 mg.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia, comprising administering orally to a human subject in need thereof a dosage form with a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to the human subject, and wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-inf) of from about 72.6 to about 217.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to the human subject.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia, comprising administering orally to a human subject in need thereof a dosage form with a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to the human subject, and wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-t) of from about 71.0 to about 210.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to the human subject.

In the present invention, preferred single daily dose of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof ranges from about 25 mg to about 200 mg, from about 50 mg to about 200 mg, from about 75 mg to about 400 mg, from about 75 mg to about 200 mg, from about 100 mg to about 400 mg or from about 100 mg to about 200 mg.

In the present invention, preferred therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 2.2 ng/mL to about 4.7 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to the human subject.

In the present invention, preferred therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-inf) of from about 89.6 to about 187.5 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to the human subject.

In the present invention, preferred therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-t) of from about 88.0 to about 185.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to the human subject.

In the present invention, Compound A may be in the form of free form, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, polymorph or any combination of the foregoing.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may include, but are not limited to, inorganic acid salts; organic carboxylates; organic sulfonates; amino acid salts; quaternary amine salts; alkaline metal salts; and alkaline-earth metal salts. Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts include a maleate.

Oral dosage forms of the present invention include capsules, granules, lozenges, pellets, pills, powders, suspensions, tablets, preferably capsules, granules, pellets, pills, tablets.

The oral dosage form of the present invention may be prepared, using standard techniques and manufacturing processes generally known in the art. See, e.g. the monograph of Japanese Pharmacopoeia 16 edition or General Chapter <1151> Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms of U.S. Pharmacopoeia-NF (37).

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate various aspects of the present invention. They are not to be construed to limit the claims in any manner whatsoever.

Compound A monomaleate salt was synthesized according to the method described in WO2014/163147.

In Vivo Test

(Effects of Compound A monomaleate salt on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Rat Novel Object Recognition Test)

The effects of orally administered Compound A monomaleate salt on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in a novel object recognition test in rats was examined.

A scopolamine model is available as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body type dementia and, parkinson's disease with dementia. In Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia, and parkinson's disease with dementia, the dysfunction of acetylcholine nervous system was observed (Whitehouse et al., “Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: loss of neurons in the basal forebrain.”, Science, vol. 215 (1982), pp. 1237-9; Shimada et al., “Mapping of brain acetylcholinesterase alterations in Lewy body disease by PET”, Neurology, vol. 73 (2009), pp. 273-8; Tiraboschi et al., “Cholinergic dysfunction in diseases with Lewy bodies”, Neurology, vol. 54, (2000) pp. 407-411; Perry et. al., “Neocortical cholinergic activaties differentiate Lewy body dementia from classical Alzheimer's disesase”, NeuroReport, vol. 5 (1994), pp. 747-9). Scopolamine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist and blocks the transmission of acetylcholine nervous system. The acetylcholine nervous system is involved in memory and attention etc. Healthy subjects and animals administered scopolamine showed dementia-like amnesia, and scopolamine-induced amnestic symptoms improved with compounds used to treat cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body disease (Snyder et al., “Reversal of scopolamine-induced deficits with a single dose of donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor”, Alzheimer's & Dementia 1 (2005) pp. 126-135; Sambeth et al., “Cholinergic drugs affect novel object recognition in rats: Relation with hippocampal EEG?”, European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 572 (2007) pp. 151-159). A novel object recognition test is based on the greater spontaneous exploration of a novel object, compared with a familiar object, observed in rodents (Ennaceur and Delacour, “A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats. 1: Behavioral data”, Behavioural Brain Research, 31 (1988) pp. 47-59). The test is considered a model of recognition memory and does not involve appetitive or aversive reinforcement. Therefore, it is considered to be analogous to recognition memory tests used in human clinical testing.

Materials and Methods

Six-week-old male Long-Evans rats (Institute for Animal Reproduction) were used in this study. Before test day, rats were placed in each experimental apparatus once a day, on two consecutive days to habituate rats to the test chamber. Each habituation session, consisted of a 3 minutes exposure to the empty test arena (40 cm×30 cm×45 cm tall), followed by approximately 1 minute in the side annex (13 cm×30 cm×45 cm tall), and a further 5 minutes in the test arena. Animals were dosed with oral vehicle and intraperitoneal saline before first 3 minutes exposure on each day.

On the test day, Compound A monomaleate salt or vehicle (0.01 mol/L-HCl in 0.5% methyl cellulose, 10 mL/kg) was orally administered to the rats after randomization (n=8 per group). After 1.5 hours, scopolamine (0.7 mg/kg, Wako Pure Chemical Industries) or saline (1 mL/kg) was intraperitonealy administered. An acquisition trial (T1) was conducted 30 minutes after the administration of scopolamine. In the T1, after the rats were habituated to the empty test arena for 3 minutes, the rats were placed into the side annex, and two identical objects were placed into the test arena. The rats were then returned to each arena and allowed to freely explore the two identical objects for 5 minutes. After this exploration, they were returned to their home cage once.

Following a 2-hour intertrial interval, a retention trial (T2) was conducted. After 3 minutes habituation to the empty test arena, the rats were placed into the side annex and one object used in the T1 trial (“familiar” object) and one object unused in the T1 trial (“novel” object) were placed into the test arena. The rats were again returned to each test arena in which these objects were placed, and allowed to freely explore the objects for 3 minutes. All objects were cleaned with wet wipes contained water and ethanol between trials to remove olfactory traces. Animal performance in T1 and T2 was recorded with a digital video camera, and the amount of time spent exploring each object was measured by manual stopwatches. Exploration was defined as the behavior which the rat was bringing its nose within 2 cm close to the object and the nose was directed at the object. The experiment was repeated twice.

In novel object recognition test, the following novel object exploration ratio in T2 is considered as amnesic indexes reflecting the discrimination between the familiar and novel objects. These indexes are calculated according to the following formulas:

$\begin{matrix} {{{Novel}\mspace{14mu} {object}\mspace{14mu} {exploration}\mspace{14mu} {{ratio}(\%)}} = {\frac{N}{\left( {N + F} \right)} \times 100}} & \left\lbrack {{Math}.\mspace{14mu} 1} \right\rbrack \end{matrix}$

F: familiar object exploration time (s) N: novel object exploration time (s)

The following rats were excluded from data analyses; rats with exploration of objects totaling less than 10 seconds in T1 or T2, or exploration of one of the two identical objects more than 70% or less than 30% in T1.

Data are expressed as the mean±SEM. The difference between the non-scopolamine treated control and scopolamine treated control groups were analyzed using unpaired t test. The effects of Compound A monomaleate salt on novel object exploration ratio in T2 was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Dunnett multiple comparison test. A value of P<0.05 (two sided) was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism version 5.04 (GraphPad Software). The results are shown in Table 1.

cGMP in the cerebrospinal fluid (hereinafter referred to as “CSF cGMP”) elevation in each sample was measured according to the method described in WO2013/051639. The results are shown in Table 2.

Results

In T2, the vehicle and saline treated rats spent relatively more time exploring the novel object. In rat novel object recognition test, a relative increase in the amount of time spent exploring the novel object compared with the familiar object was considered to reflect retention of the memory for the familiar object.

The rats treated with scopolamine showed significantly lowering novel object exploration ratio than those which saline treated rats did. These findings indicated the scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats.

A significant memory-improving effect of orally administered Compound A monomaleate salt on scopolamine-induced memory impairment was observed at both 3.3 and 10 mg/kg in rats. This result suggests that Compound A monomaleate salt is expected to enhance cognitive function.

TABLE 1 Scopolamine/ Scopolamine/ Saline/ Scopolamine/ Compound A Compound A Vehicle Vehicle (3.3 mg/kg) (10 mg/kg) Novel object exploration 73.8 ± 3.0 53.3 ± 2.2* 68.5 ± 2.0^(#) 68.5 ± 1.6^(#) ratio (%)

In Table 1, data represent the mean±SEM values (N=15 or 16) for the novel object exploration ratio in T2 (time spent exploring novel object in T2 divided by total object exploration in T2). Non-scopolamine treated control groups (Saline/Vehicle) and scopolamine treated control groups (Scopolamine/Vehicle) were used for comparison in each study. *P<0.05: versus Saline/Vehicle (unpaired t test). # P<0.05: versus Scopolamine/Vehicle (one-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett multiple comparison test).

TABLE 2 Scopolamine/ Scopolamine/ Saline/ Scopolamine/ Compound A Compound A Vehicle Vehicle (3.3 mg/kg) (10 mg/kg) CSF cGMP conc. (nM) 1.94 ± 0.297 2.012 ± 0.154 3.694 ± 0.65 4.889 ± 0.538 (% CSF cGMP increase (—) (4) (90) (152) from vehicle control)

According to the test results, it is considered that about 200% CSF cGMP elevation has improved a cognitive effect. Therefore, about 200% CSF cGMP elevation in human subjects was expected to achieve a therapeutic effect in a human subject

Clinical Trial Preparation of Capsules Containing Compound a Monomaleate Salt

387 g of Compound A monomaleate salt, 378 g of anhydrous lactose (DFE Pharma Corp.), 150 g of low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (Type LH21, Shinetsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), 50.0 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose (Type L, Nippon Soda Co., Ltd.) and 30.0 g of crospovidone (XL-10, DSP Gokyo Food & Chemical Co., Ltd.) were mixed in a high shear mixer. 5.0 g of Magnesium stearate was added into the mixer and then mixed. The resulting physical mixture was compacted into the ribbon by using a roller compactor. The ribbon was sized using a screen mill equipped with sieve having 1 mm openings. 16.666 mg or 166.66 mg of the resulting granules was filled into capsule shells using an encapsulation machine.

In the following examples and tables, a dose of Compound A is described as a value in terms of Compound A free form.

Objectives Primary Objectives

1. To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of single ascending oral doses of Compound A in healthy adult subjects 2. To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and PK of a single oral dose of Compound A in healthy elderly subjects 3. To evaluate the pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of single oral doses of Compound A on cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the PK/PD relationship in healthy adult subjects 4. To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and PK of Compound A in Japanese subjects following administration of single oral doses at 3 dose levels

Secondary Objectives

1. To evaluate the effects of a high fat meal on the PK of a single oral dose of Compound A in healthy adult subjects 2. To compare the PK of Compound A between Japanese subjects and non-Japanese subjects

Methodology

This was a single center, single dose, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study in healthy subjects. It consisted of 4 parts: Parts A, B, C, and D. Each of the four study parts had 2 phases: Prerandomization Phase and Randomization Phase. The Prerandomization Phase lasted up to 30 days and consisted of a Screening Period and a Baseline Period, during which each subject's study eligibility was determined and baseline assessments were performed.

For subjects who did not participate in the evaluation of food effect (Parts A, C, and D), the Randomization Phase consisted of the Treatment Period and a Follow Up Period. During the Treatment Period, subjects were randomized to receive a single oral dose of either Compound A or matching placebo. Subjects were admitted to the clinic on Day 2 for baseline assessments and discharged on Day 5. They returned to the clinic as outpatients on Days 6 and 7 for study assessments. A Follow Up Visit took place on Day 10. For subjects who participated in the evaluation of food effect (Part B), the Randomization Phase consisted of Treatment Period 1, Baseline Period 2, and Treatment Period 2. During Treatment Period 1, subjects were randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of either Compound A or matching placebo after an overnight fast. Subjects were admitted to clinic on Day 2 (Baseline Period 1) for baseline assessments and discharged on Day 5 (Treatment Period 1). They returned to the clinic as outpatients on Days 6, 7, and 10 (Treatment Period 1) for study assessments. After a washout period of at least 13 days (or 5 half lives of Compound A, whichever was longer), they were admitted again to clinic for baseline assessments during Baseline Period 2 (Day 1 of Period 2). During Day 1 of Treatment Period 2, following an overnight fast of at least 10 hours, subjects started to consume a high-fat (approximately 50% of total caloric content of the meal) and high-calorie (approximately 800 to 1000 calories) meal 30 minutes before administration of study drug. The subjects were administered study drug with 240 mL of water 30 minutes after the start of the meal, regardless of how much of the meal had been consumed at that point. Water was allowed as desired except for 1 hour before and after dosing. Subjects were discharged on Day 5 of Treatment Period 2 and returned to the clinic as outpatients on Days 6 (Treatment Period 2) and 7 (Treatment Period 2) for study assessments. A Follow Up Visit occurred on Day 10 (Treatment Period 2). The end of the study was the date of the last study visit for the last subject.

Part A

In Part A, there were 8 sequential cohorts of healthy adult subjects (18-50 years of age). Subjects were randomly assigned to Compound A or placebo in a ratio of 6:2, respectively. Subjects in the Compound A cohorts were treated with single ascending doses of 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1200 mg.

After the Screening Period, subjects returned to the clinic on Day 2 for Baseline procedures. Subjects were treated with study drug on Day 1 in the morning after an overnight fast. Blood and urine PK samples were collected at prespecified time points. Safety evaluations were also performed.

Dose escalation for Part A occurred only after formal communication with the sponsor. Before deciding whether to escalate to the next dose, data for the whole cohort of subjects were required. Escalation to the next higher dose level only occurred if the available data supported the increase to the next dose. Data from each completed cohort remained blinded during review by the sponsor in determining progression of doses for each cohort. Subjects in Part A did not participate in the evaluation of PD or food effect and had 1 Treatment Period, with their Follow Up Visit on Day 10.

Part B

In Part B, there were 4 cohorts of healthy adult subjects (18-50 years of age). There were 8 subjects in Cohort 1, with 6 subjects randomly assigned to receive single doses of Compound A (400 mg) and 2 subjects randomly assigned to receive placebo. There were 7 subjects in Cohort 2 and Cohort 3, each with 6 subjects randomly assigned to receive single doses of Compound A (100 and 200 mg, respectively) and 1 subject randomly assigned to receive placebo. The dose of 100 mg selected in Cohort 2 was based on preliminary analysis of Cohort 1 data; this dose was predicted from PK/PD modeling to achieve a sustained CSF cGMP increase from baseline of approximately 200% when administered to steady state, and thereby provided a potentially therapeutic dose for further evaluation in future studies. There were 7 subjects in Cohort 4, with 6 subjects randomly assigned to receive a single dose of Compound A (50 mg [n=3] or 75 mg [n=3]) and 1 subject randomly assigned to receive placebo. The doses for Cohorts 3 and 4 were selected based on PK/PD modeling of the data in Cohorts 1 and 2.

After the Screening Period, subjects returned to the clinic on Day 2 for Baseline procedures. Subjects had a lumbar catheter inserted on Day 1. Serial CSF sampling via the lumbar catheter commenced on Day 1, after an overnight fast. CSF samples were collected on Day 1 over a period of 3 hours predose. Subjects were then administered study drug, and serial CSF sampling for 30 hours postdose was performed to determine CSF cGMP and CSF Compound A concentrations. Blood samples for plasma Compound A PK were collected at the same time points as CSF sampling. Safety evaluations were also performed.

Subjects in Cohort 2 who had received Compound A 100 mg or placebo under fasted conditions (1st Treatment Period) also participated in an evaluation of food effect on the PK of Compound A (2nd Treatment Period). After a washout period of at least 13 days (or 5 half-lives of Compound A, whichever was longer), subjects were admitted to the clinic for baseline assessments (2nd Baseline Period) and then received a single dose of the same treatment (Compound A 100 mg or placebo) after consuming a high fat and high calorie meal over 30 minutes. Blood PK samples were collected at prespecified time points. Safety evaluations were also assessed. CSF was not collected for PD evaluation during the 2nd Treatment Period. A Follow Up Visit occurred on Day 10 of Treatment Period 2.

Part C

In Part C, there was 1 cohort of 8 healthy elderly subjects (65 to 85 years of age) randomly assigned to receive a single dose of Compound A 100 mg or placebo in a ratio of 6:2, respectively.

After the Screening Period, subjects returned to the clinic on Day 2 for Baseline procedures. Subjects were administered study drug on Day 1 in the morning after an overnight fast. The blood and urine PK samples were collected at prespecified time points. Safety evaluations were also performed. Subjects in Part C did not participate in the evaluation of PD or food effect and had 1 Treatment Period, with their Follow Up Visit on Day 10.

Part D

In Part D, 3 cohorts of healthy adult Japanese subjects were randomized in parallel. There were 7 subjects in each cohort and subjects were randomly assigned to receive single doses of Compound A (25, 100, or 400 mg) or placebo in a ratio of 6:1, respectively.

Subjects in each cohort were matched by age (plus or minus 10 years) to subjects in the corresponding dose cohort in Part A. The distribution of gender in each Japanese cohort was also matched approximately to the corresponding dose cohort in Part A.

After the Screening Period, subjects returned to the clinic on Day −2 for Baseline procedures. They were administered study drug on Day 1 in the morning after an overnight fast. Blood PK samples were collected at prespecified time points. Safety evaluations were also performed. Subjects in Part D did not participate in the evaluation of PD or food effect and had 1 Treatment Period, with their Follow Up Visit on Day 10.

Number of Subjects (Planned and Enrolled)

Part A: Up to 64 healthy adult subjects were planned; 64 subjects were enrolled Part B: Up to 29 healthy adult subjects were planned; 29 subjects were enrolled Part C: 8 healthy elderly subjects were planned and enrolled Part D: 21 healthy Japanese adult subjects were planned and enrolled

Diagnosis and Main Criteria for Inclusion Parts A and B Only

1. Nonsmoking, male or female subjects greater than or equal to 18 years of age and less than or equal to 50 years of age at the time of informed consent Part C Only 1. Nonsmoking, male or female subjects greater than or equal to 65 years of age and less than or equal to 85 years of age at the time of informed consent Parts A, B, C, and D 1. Body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 18 and less than or equal to 30 kg/m² at Screening

Part D Only

1. Nonsmoking, male or female subjects greater than or equal to 20 years of age and less than or equal to 50 years of age at the time of informed consent 2. Born in Japan to Japanese parents with grandparents of Japanese descent 3. Had been living outside Japan for less than 5 years 4. Lifestyle, including diet, had not changed significantly since leaving Japan

Diagnosis and Main Criteria for Exclusion

1. Clinically significant illness that required medical treatment within 8 weeks or a clinically significant infection that required medical treatment within 4 weeks of dosing 2. Evidence of disease that could have influenced the outcome of the study within 4 weeks before dosing; eg, psychiatric disorders and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, respiratory system, endocrine system, hematological system, neurological system, or cardiovascular system, or subjects who had a congenital abnormality in metabolism 3. Any history of abdominal surgery that could have affected PK profiles of Compound A (eg, hepatectomy, nephrectomy, digestive organ resection) at Screening or Baseline 4. A prolonged QT/QTc interval (QTc greater than 450 ms) demonstrated on ECG at Screening or Baseline; a history of risk factors for torsade de pointes (eg, heart failure, hypokalemia, or family history of long QT Syndrome) or the use of concomitant medications that prolonged the QT/QTc interval 5. Left bundle branch block 6. History of myocardial infarction or active ischemic heart disease 7. History of clinically significant arrhythmia or uncontrolled arrhythmia 8. Persistent systolic blood pressure (BP) greater than 130 mmHg or diastolic BP greater than 85 mmHg at Screening or Baseline (Parts A, B, and D) 9. Persistent systolic BP greater than 140 mmHg or diastolic BP greater than 90 mmHg at Screening or Baseline (Part C) 10. Heart rate less than 50 or more than 100 beats/min at Screening or Baseline 11. Known history of clinically significant drug allergy at Screening or Baseline 12. Known history of food allergies or was experiencing significant seasonal or perennial allergy at Screening or Baseline 13. Intake of caffeinated beverages or food within 72 hours before dosing 14. Intake of nutritional supplements, juice, and herbal preparations or other foods or beverages that may have affected the various drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters (eg, alcohol, grapefruit, grapefruit juice, grapefruit containing beverages, apple or orange juice, vegetables from the mustard green family [eg, kale, broccoli, watercress, collard greens, kohlrabi, brussel sprouts, or mustard], and charbroiled meats) within 1 week before dosing 15. Intake of herbal preparations containing St. John's Wort within 4 weeks before dosing 16. Use of prescription drugs within 4 weeks before dosing 17. Intake of over the counter (OTC) medications within 2 weeks before dosing 18. Engagement in strenuous exercise within 2 weeks before check in (eg, marathon runners, weight lifters) 19. Any contraindication to continuous CSF sampling via indwelling lumbar catheter (Part B only)

Test Treatment, Dose, Mode of Administration, and Batch Number(s)

Test Treatment: Compound A was administered orally at 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1200 mg in size No. 2, hydroxypropyl methycellulose (HPMC) capsules containing 5 mg or 50 mg of Compound A.

Reference Therapy, Dose, Mode of Administration, and Batch Number(s)

Comparator Drug: Matching placebo capsules (Manufactured Lot: P49001ZZ, Labeled Lot: P4A05) were administered orally in size No. 2, HPMC capsules containing mannitol.

Duration of Treatment

Parts A, C, and D: Single dose on Day 1 Part B (all Cohorts): Single dose on Day 1 Part B (100 mg Cohort): Single dose on Day 1 of Treatment Period 1 and on Day 1 of Treatment Period 2

Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetic Assessments for Parts A, C, and D—Plasma

Blood samples for determination of plasma Compound A concentrations were collected from predose to 216 hours postdose. On Day 1, blood PK samples were collected at predose and postdose 0.5 (30 minutes), 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 18 hours. Thereafter, samples were collected on Day 2 (24 and 36 hours postdose), Day 3 (48 hours postdose), Day 4 (72 hours postdose), Day 5 (96 hours postdose), Day 6 (120 hours postdose), Day 7 (144 hours postdose), and Day 10 (216 hours postdose).

Pharmacokinetic Assessments for Part B—Plasma

Blood samples for determination of plasma Compound A concentrations were collected from predose to 216 hours postdose. For all cohorts, blood PK samples were collected on Day 1 at predose and postdose at 0.5 (30 minutes), 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 18 hours. Thereafter, samples were collected on Day 2 (24, 30, and 36 hours postdose), Day 3 (48 hours postdose), Day 4 (72 hours postdose), Day 5 (96 hours postdose), Day 6 (120 hours postdose), Day 7 (144 hours postdose), and Day 10 (216 hours postdose). For subjects in Cohort 2 of Part B only, in addition to Day 1 to Day 10 of Treatment Period 1, blood PK samples were also collected on the following days of Treatment Period 2: Day 1 at predose and postdose 0.5 (30 minutes), 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 18 hours. Thereafter, samples were collected on Day 2 (24, 30, and 36 hours postdose), Day 3 (48 hours postdose), Day 4 (72 hours postdose), Day 5 (96 hours postdose), Day 6 (120 hours postdose), Day 7 (144 hours postdose), and Day 10 (216 hours postdose).

Pharmacokinetic Assessments for Part B—Cerebrospinal Fluid

Concentrations of Compound A in CSF were analyzed in serial CSF samples collected at predose and postdose at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, and 30 hours.

Pharmacokinetic Assessments for Part A and C—Urine

Urine Compound A concentrations were analyzed predose and up to 96 hours postdose.

Pharmacodynamic Assessments for Part B—Cerebrospinal Fluid

Serial CSF samples were collected from the lumbar catheter for analysis of concentrations of cyclic guanidine monophosphate (cGMP) at −3, −2, −1 hours, predose (0 hour), and postdose at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, and 30 hours.

Safety Assessments

Safety assessments consisted of monitoring and recording all adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs); laboratory evaluation for hematology, blood chemistry, and urine values; periodic measurement of vital signs (including orthostatic changes in blood pressure [BP] and heart rate [HR]) and electrocardiograms (ECGs); and the performance of physical examinations.

In addition, high precision QTcF analysis using Holter ECG recording was conducted in Parts A, C, and D during Day −1 and Day 1, to allow more rigorous assessments of possible changes in QTcF intervals. A central ECG laboratory was used to extract ECG recordings from the Holter device.

Bioanalytical Methods

Plasma, urine and CSF concentrations of Compound A were measured using validated liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS) assay methods. CSF concentrations of cGMP were measured using a validated LC-MS/MS assay method.

Statistical Methods Analysis Sets

The Safety Analysis Set was the group of subjects who received at least 1 dose of study drug and had at least 1 postdose safety assessment.

The PK Analysis Set was the group of subjects who had sufficient PK data to derive at least 1 PK parameter.

The PD Analysis Set was the group of subjects who had sufficient PD data to derive at least 1 PD parameter.

The total number of enrolled subjects was tabulated. In addition, the number and percentage of subjects was tabulated by treatment group for the Safety Analysis Set, PK Analysis Set and PD Analysis Set.

Pharmacokinetic Analyses—Plasma

The following PK parameters were derived by noncompartmental analysis using plasma Compound A concentrations:

Cmax: maximum observed concentration tmax: time at which the highest drug concentration occurs AUC(0-24 h): area under the concentration-time curve from zero time to 24 hours postdose AUC(0-30 h): area under the concentration-time curve from zero time to 30 hours postdose (Part B only) AUC(0-72 h): area under the concentration-time curve from zero time to 72 hours postdose AUC(0-t): area under the concentration-time curve from zero time to time of last quantifiable concentration AUC(0-inf): area under the concentration-time curve from zero time extrapolated to infinite time t1/2: terminal elimination phase half-life CL/F: apparent total clearance following extravascular (eg, oral) administration Vz/F: apparent volume of distribution at terminal phase Pharmacokinetic Analyses—CSF (Part B only)

The following PK parameters were derived by noncompartmental analysis using CSF Compound A concentrations:

Cmax: maximum drug concentration tmax: time to reach maximum (peak) concentration following drug administration AUC(0-24 h): area under the concentration-time curve from zero time to 24 hours postdose AUC(0-30 h): area under the concentration-time curve from zero time to 30 hours postdose AUC(0-t): area under the concentration-time curve from zero time to time of last quantifiable concentration t1/2: terminal elimination half-life following last dose CSF: plasma AUC ratio: ratio of AUC(0-t) for CSF to plasma (or AUC(0-30 h), which was the last time point for CSF collection) CSF: plasma Cmax ratio: ratio of Cmax for CSF to plasma (reported as a percentage)

Pharmacokinetic Analyses—Urine (Parts A and C)

The following PK parameters were calculated for Compound A:

Ae (0-96 h): cumulative amount of drug excreted in urine up to 96 hours postdose Fe(0-96 h): fraction of dose excreted in urine up to 96 hours postdose CLR: renal clearance

Pharmacodynamic Analyses (Part B Only)

The Safety Analysis Set was used for PD concentration listings. The PD Analysis Set was used for the summaries of PD concentrations and derivations and summaries of PD parameters.

The primary PD measure was CSF cGMP. The following PD parameters were reported for CSF cGMP:

Amax: Maximum change (%) of CSF cGMP concentration compared to baseline at a single time point within 30 hours postdose TAmax: Time at which Amax occurs for CSF cGMP AUAC(−3-0 h): Area under the CSF cGMP concentration×time curve from time −3 to 0 hours AUAC(0-24 h): Area under the CSF cGMP concentration×time curve from time 0 to 24 hours AUAC(0-30 h): Area under the CSF cGMP concentration×time curve from time 0 to 30 hours ΔAUAC(0-24 h): Change (%) in AUAC averaged over 24 hours postdose relative to baseline AUAC averaged over 3 hours predose for CSF cGMP: (AUAC(0-24 h)/24−AUAC(−3-0 h)/3)/(AUAC(−3-0 h)/3) ΔAUAC(0-30 h): Change (%) in AUAC averaged over 30 hours postdose relative to baseline AUAC averaged over 3 hours predose for CSF cGMP: (AUAC(0-30 h)/30−AUAC(−3-0 h)/3)/(AUAC(−3-0 h)/3)

Population Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics

Plasma Compound A concentrations pooled from all cohorts of the study were subjected to population PK analysis using nonlinear mixed effects modelling. The effect of covariates, such as baseline demographics/characteristics (eg, body weight, age, gender, ethnicity, etc) on the PK of Compound A were explored. The individual posterior estimates of PK parameters were then used to generate individual PK profiles of Compound A, which were used in subsequent PK/PD analysis of the percent change from baseline in CSF cGMP concentrations.

Safety Analyses

All safety analyses were performed on the Safety Analysis Set.

Safety data evaluated included AEs, clinical laboratory results, vital signs, and ECGs.

Treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were summarized by presenting the incidence of AEs for each cohort and dose group. For the laboratory, vital signs, and ECG data in all cohorts in any treatment period, the baseline was the values recorded immediately prior to dosing with study drug in that treatment period.

Interim Analyses

No unblinded interim analyses were performed during this study and no formal interim analysis of safety, PK, and PD data was performed after completion of Parts A, B, or C. However, PK and PD analyses were conducted using blinded subject IDs with the completion of each cohort.

In addition, blinded analyses of PK and PD data from Cohorts 1 and 2 in Part B were conducted to assess the PK/PD relationship and to determine the optimal doses to be administered in Cohorts 3 and 4. Analyses of blinded data from Cohort 3 in Part B were also conducted to assess the PK/PD relationship to determine doses in Cohort 4.

Sample Size Rationale

In Parts A and C, 8 subjects per cohort (with 6 subjects randomized to Compound A and 2 subjects to placebo) were considered adequate to evaluate initial safety and PK in healthy subjects, and to support dose escalation decisions. In the Pfizer study of PF 04447943 (40 mg), CSF cGMP elevation was demonstrated in healthy subjects, and this study used a similar sample size (with 5 subjects on 40 mg of PF 04447943 and 2 on placebo). Thus, in Part B, 7 or 8 subjects per cohort (with 6 subjects randomized to Compound A in all Part B cohorts) was considered adequate to evaluate the PD effects of Compound A on CSF cGMP.

In Part D, 7 subjects (with 6 subjects randomized to Compound A and 1 subject to placebo) in each of the 3 cohorts were considered adequate to provide bridging safety and PK data in healthy Japanese subjects.

Results Subject Disposition/Analysis Sets

Overall, 352 subjects were screened for entry into the study. Of these 352 subjects, 230 were screening failures and 122 were randomized into the study. Of the 230 screen failures, 151 (42.9%) subjects failed to meet inclusion or exclusion criteria, 1 (0.3%) subject experienced an adverse event (pretreatment), 19 (5.4%) subjects withdrew consent, and 59 (16.8%) subjects were excluded for other reasons.

In Part A, 64 (100%) healthy adult subjects were randomly assigned to Compound A or placebo treatment; 48 subjects received Compound A and 16 subjects received placebo. Forty-seven (97.9%) subjects in the Compound A groups and 16 subjects in the placebo group completed the study. One subject in the Compound A 800 mg group was withdrawn from the study due to “other” category; this subject was non-compliant and smelled of alcohol during the follow-up visit.

In Part B, 29 (100%) healthy adult subjects were randomly assigned to Compound A or placebo treatment; 24 subjects received Compound A and 5 subjects received placebo. All 29 subjects completed the study. Six subjects in the 100 mg cohort and 1 subject in the placebo cohort received two single doses of study drug under fasted and fed conditions.

In Part C, 8 (100%) healthy elderly subjects were randomly assigned to Compound A or placebo treatment; 6 subjects received Compound A 100 mg and 2 subjects received placebo. All 8 subjects completed the study. The 2 placebo subjects in the healthy elderly subject group are included with the 16 healthy younger adult subjects in the summary tables, making a total of 18 placebo subjects in the Parts A and C.

In Part D, a total of 21 (100%) healthy Japanese adult subjects were randomly assigned to Compound A or placebo treatment; 18 subjects received Compound A and 3 subjects received placebo. All 18 subjects in the Compound A groups completed the study. One (33.3%) subject in the placebo group withdrew from the study due to “other” category; this subject did not return for the Follow-Up Visit on Day 10.

Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacogenomics Plasma Compound A Pharmacokinetics

Data for healthy adult subjects in Parts A and B who were treated under fasted conditions at the same dose levels (ie, Compound A 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg) were pooled together for plasma Compound A summary statistics and PK analyses.

Healthy Adult Subjects:

The key plasma Compound A PK results for healthy adult subjects (Parts A and B combined) administered a single oral dose (10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1200 mg) of study drug are summarized in Table 3. After single doses of 10 to 1200 mg, Compound A was rapidly absorbed with most subjects having quantifiable plasma Compound A concentrations within 0.5 hour postdose. Across all doses, the median tmax ranged from 2 to 4 hours postdose and Compound A showed biphasic disposition in the absorption profile after tmax. During the initial phase, plasma Compound A concentrations declined until approximately 12 hours postdose and then remained relatively stable through 24 hours postdose. At all dose levels, there were subjects who showed multiple secondary peaks during the first 24 hours postdose. At 24 hours postdose and onwards, Compound A showed first order kinetics during the terminal elimination phase. Mean t1/2 values ranged from 26.8 to 33.6 hours across all doses (10 to 1200 mg), with no trend of increasing t1/2 values with increasing doses. Overall the geometric mean (GM) Cmax values increased subproportionally with increasing doses from 10 to 1200 mg, but the GM Cmax of 800 mg was somewhat higher than expected from the general trend, which could be due to between cohort variability. Geometric mean AUC(0-inf) values increased subproportionally with each increasing dose from 10 to 1200 mg. Geometric mean CUF values increased with increasing doses.

TABLE 3 Summary of Plasma Compound A Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Adult Subjects in Parts A and B Compound A 10 mg 25 mg 50 mg 75 mg 100 mg 200 mg 400 mg 800 mg 1200 mg Parameter (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 9) (N = 3) (N = 12) (N = 12) (N = 12) (N = 6) (N = 6) Cmax (ng/mL) 60.2 152 225 222 373 539 880 2570 1780 GM (% CV) (47.5) (29.0) (21.2) (36.9) (19.8) (29.8) (27.3) (21.8) (18.7) tmax (h) 2.27 2.65 4.00 3.00 2.99 2.00 2.50 3.55 3.02 Median (1.03, 4.05) (2.02, 4.08) (1.52, 5.00) (2.97, 7.98) (0.93, 8.03) (1.00, 12.10) (0.95, 18.02) (1.45, 4.20) (1.50, 24.00) (Min, Max) tlag (h) 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Median (0.00, 0.53) (0.00, 0.00) (0.00, 0.52) (0.00, 0.50) (0.00, 0.50) (0.00, 0.50)  (0.00, 0.48)  (0.00, 0.00) (0.00, 0.00)  (Min, Max) AUC(0-24 h) 719 1850 3370 3650 5730 7800 12500 29200 28500 (h × ng/mL) (24.7) (17.9) (23.8) (25.3) (13.2) (25.2) (18.5) (12.5) (18.2) GM (% CV) AUC(0-30 h) 863 2200 4010 4460 6890 9440 15200 34500 34800 (h × ng/mL) (21.8) (16.4) (23.6) (23.1) (13.3) (24.7) (18.0) (13.3) (19.6) GM (% CV) AUC(0-72 h) 1430 3570 6490 7880 11900 16800 27000 54700 60600 (h × ng/mL) (16.1) (12.9) (21.3) (14.1) (14.0) (29.5) (14.1) (15.8) (22.8) GM (% CV) AUC(0-t) 1700 4200 7720 9520 14800 22000 35500 64300 78400 (h × ng/mL) (16.8) (16.6) (24.8) (6.52) (19.6) (41.8) (21.3) (19.9) (32.2) GM (% CV) AUC(0-inf) 1840 4340 7900 9880 15000 22400 36300 65000 79700 (h × ng/mL) (15.5) (18.5) (25.3) (4.64) (20.0) (42.5) (22.9) (20.2) (33.2) GM (% CV) t½ (h) 33.6 26.8 26.9 28.9 28.6 30.9 33.2 25.2 31.9 Mean (SD) (8.49) (6.95) (9.40) (7.48) (6.73) (8.37) (13.8) (5.36) (9.54) CL/F (L/h) 5.41 5.76 6.33 7.57 6.66 8.93 11.0 12.3 15.1 GM (% CV) (15.5) (18.5) (25.1) (4.86) (20.1) (42.5) (22.8) (20.1) (33.1) Vz/F (L) 255 216 233 308 268 384 493 438 666 GM (% CV) (27.4) (22.1) (27.1) (32.3) (14.6) (23.5) (25.2) (15.6) (20.2)

The key plasma Compound A PK results for healthy adult subjects (Part B) administered a single 100 mg oral dose of study drug under fasted and fed conditions are summarized in Table 4. The plasma Compound A concentration profiles of Compound A 100 mg administered under fasted and fed conditions both showed rapid absorption, with peak plasma Compound A concentrations occurring at similar times (median tmax: fasted=2.99 hours; fed=3.49 hours). Thereafter, Compound A showed similar biphasic absorption profiles under fasted and fed conditions, as described above for the fasted cohorts. The higher plasma Compound A concentrations in the fed state compared to the fasted state were most evident during the period from tmax to 12 hours postdose.

TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma Compound A Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Part B (100 mg Cohort) Compound A Parameter 100 mg Fasted (N = 6) 100 mg Fed (N = 6) Cmax (ng/mL) 371 (16.0) 536 (25.5) GM (% CV) tmax (h) 2.99 (1.50, 8.03) 3.49 (1.95, 5.97) Median (Min, Max) tlag (h) 0 (0.00, 0.00) 0.49 (0.00, 0.88) Median (Min, Max) AUC(0-24 h) 6140 (13.9) 7610 (23.8) (h × ng/mL) GM (% CV) AUC(0-30 h) 7360 (15.3) 8980 (23.0) (h × ng/mL) GM (% CV) AUC(0-72 h) 12200 (18.9) 14500 (26.6) (h × ng/mL) GM (% CV) AUC(0-t) 14400 (23.5) 17100 (31.6) (h × ng/mL) GM (% CV) AUC(0-inf) 14500 (23.6) 17300 (31.0) (h × ng/mL) GM (% CV) t½ (h) 25.7 (4.90) 26.0 (5.58) Mean (SD) CL/F (L/h) 6.89 (23.7) 5.78 (31.0) GM (% CV) Vz/F(L) 252 (15.8) 212 (26.4) GM (% CV)

Analysis of the log-transformed plasma Compound A PK parameters in healthy adult subjects administered Compound A 100 mg under fasted and fed conditions are summarized in Table 5. Administration of a single dose of Compound A 100 mg after consuming a standardized high-fat and high-calorie meal over 30 minutes prior to treatment resulted in a 44.4% increase in the geometric LS mean Cmax (90% CI: 1.210, 1.723) and a 19.2% increase in the geometric LS mean AUC(0-inf) (90% CI: 1.003, 1.418).

TABLE 5 Analysis of Log-transformed Plasma Compound A Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Adult Subjects Administered Compound A 100 mg Under Fasted and Fed Conditions in Part B (100 mg Cohort) Treatment Contrast Geometric LS Geometric LS Geometric LS Mean (Test:Ref) Parameter Test (n) Reference (n) Means Test Means Reference Ratio (90% CI) Fed:Fasted Cmax (ng/mL) 6 6 535.97 371.16 1.444 (1.210, 1.723) AUC(0-t) 6 6 17,070.80 14,394.84 1.186 (0.992, 1.418) (h × ng/mL) AUC(0-inf) 6 6 17,315.01 14,522.85 1.192 (1.003, 1.418) (h × ng/mL)

Log-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters were fit using a mixed effects model with treatment as a fixed effect and subject as a random effect. Geometric LS means and geometric LS mean ratio were back-transformed least squares mean and treatment mean difference.

Healthy Elderly Subjects:

The key plasma Compound A PK results for healthy elderly subjects (Part C) administered a single 100 mg oral dose of study drug are summarized in Table 6; results for healthy younger adult subjects (Parts A and B combined) administered the same dose are also shown for reference. After single doses of Compound A 100 mg, elderly subjects had a median tmax at 2.60 hours postdose, similar to 2.99 hours in healthy younger adults. In general, exposure and half-life were higher in elderly subjects as compared to the younger adults. Analysis of the log-transformed plasma Compound A PK parameters in healthy elderly subjects versus healthy younger adult subjects administered Compound A 100 mg are summarized in Table 7.

TABLE 6 Summary of Plasma Compound A Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Elderly Subjects (Part C) and Healthy Younger Adult Subjects (Parts A and B) Compound A Healthy Younger Adult Healthy Elderly Subjects100 mg Subjects 100 mg Parameter (N = 12) (N = 6) Cmax (ng/mL) 373 (19.8) 543 (27.6) GM (% CV) tmax (h) 2.99 (0.93, 8.03) 2.60 (1.50, 4.02) Median (Min, Max) AUC(0-inf) 15000 (20.0) 21300 (26.6) (h × ng/mL) GM (% CV) t½ (h) 28.6 (6.73) 38.1 (8.38) Mean (SD) CL/F (L/h) 6.66 (20.1) 4.71 (26.5) GM (% CV) Vz/F(L) 268 (14.6) 253 (23.9) GM (% CV)

TABLE 7 Analysis of Log-Transformed Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Elderly and Younger Adult Subjects Administered Single Oral Dose of Compound A 100 mg Treatment Contrast Geometric LS Geometric LS Geometric LS Mean (Test:Ref) Parameter Test (n) Reference (n) Means Test Means Reference Ratio (90% CI) Elderly:Younger Cmax (ng/mL) 6 12 543.03 373.32 1.455 (1.198, 1.766) Adults AUC(0-inf) 6 12 21250.1 15017.13 1.415 (1.168, 1.715) (h × ng/mL)

Reference is healthy adult subjects in Parts A and B. Log-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters were fit using a general linear model with age category as a factor. Geometric LS means and geometric LS mean ratio were back-transformed least squares mean and age category mean difference.

Healthy Japanese Adult Subjects:

The key plasma Compound A PK parameters for healthy Japanese adult subjects (Part D) administered single oral doses (25, 100, or 400 mg) of study drug are summarized in Table 8; results for non-Japanese subjects (Parts A and B combined, but excluding those subjects who self-identified as Asian) administered the same doses are also shown for reference. The plasma Compound A exposure in healthy Japanese subjects administered Compound A 25, 100, and 400 mg were similar to those of healthy adult non-Japanese subjects. In healthy Japanese subjects, GM Cmax and AUC(0-inf) values increased subproportionally with increasing doses.

TABLE 8 Summary of Plasma Compound A Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Japanese (Part D) and Non-Japanese Subjects (Parts A and B, Excluding Those Subjects Who Self-identified as Asian) Compound A Non-Japanese Subjects^(a) 25 mg 100 mg 400 mg Parameter (N = 6) (N = 12) (N = 9) Cmax (ng/mL) 152 (29.0) 373 (19.8) 827 (25.8) GM (% CV) tmax (h) 2.65 (2.02, 4.08) 2.99 (0.93, 8.03) 3.00 (0.98, 18.02) Median (Min, Max) AUC(0-inf) (h × ng/mL) 4340 (18.5) 15,000 (20.0) 35,800 (26.6) GM (% CV) t½(h) 26.8 (6.95) 28.6 (6.73) 34.5 (15.8) Mean (SD) CL/F (L/h) 5.76 (18.5) 6.66 (20.1) 11.2 (26.5) GM (% CV) Vz/F(L) 216 (22.1) 268 (14.6) 511 (26.9) GM (% CV) Compound A Japanese Subjects 25 mg 100 mg 400 mg Parameter (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) Cmax (ng/mL) 212 (9.96) 492 (8.53) 1180 (32.9) GM (% CV) tmax (h) 2.08 (1.50, 3.05) 2.52 (1.00, 5.00) 2.25 (1.00, 4.07) Median (Min, Max) AUC(0-inf) (h × ng/mL) 4580 (23.8) 14,200 (16.6) 46,500 (32.9) GM (% CV) t½(h) 21.5 (5.40) 23.9 (4.04) 30.0 (7.21) Mean (SD) CL/F (L/h) 5.45 (23.8) 7.05 (16.5) 8.61 (32.9) GM (% CV) Vz/F(L) 165 (7.55) 240 (18.9) 364 (13.1) GM (% CV) ^(a)Subjects who self-identified as Asian were excluded from the analysis.

Comparison of plasma Compound A PK results for healthy Japanese adult subjects (Part D) and non-Japanese subjects (Parts A and B combined, but excluding those subjects who self-identified as Asian) administered single oral doses (25, 100, or 400 mg) of study drug are summarized in Table 9. With weight as a covariate, healthy Japanese subjects administered single doses of Compound A 25, 100, and 400 mg had geometric LS mean Cmax values that were 35.6%, 30.0%, and 40.4% higher, respectively, than those in non-Japanese reference subjects administered the same doses. The effect did not appear to be dose-dependent. Similar results were observed in the analysis of Cmax performed without weight as a covariate.

Geometric LS mean AUC(0-inf) values were comparable between healthy Japanese subjects and non-Japanese reference subjects administered the same doses at 25 and 100 mg, both with and without weight as a covariate. However, based on the analysis with weight as a covariate, a 27.9% higher geometric LS mean AUC(0-inf) was observed in Japanese subjects administered Compound A 400 mg than in the non-Japanese reference subjects administered the same dose. Similar results were observed in the analysis of AUC(0-inf) in the 400 mg cohort performed without weight as a covariate.

Review of the scatter plots of Cmax and AUC(0-inf) in Japanese and non-Japanese reference subjects indicated that the distribution of Cmax and AUC(0-inf) in the majority of Japanese subjects was similar to that of the non-Japanese reference subjects. It is therefore considered that the higher Cmax (25, 100, and 400 mg cohorts) and AUC(0-inf) (400 mg cohort) values observed in Japanese subjects will not be clinically significant for most subjects.

TABLE 9 Analysis of Log-Transformed Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Japanese Subjects (Part D) and Non- Japanese Subjects (Parts A and B) Administered Single Oral Dose of Compound A 25, 100, or 400 mg Treatment Compound A Contrast Treatment Geometric LS Geometric LS Geometric LS Mean (Test:Ref) Parameter (mg) Test (n) Reference (n) Means Test Means Reference Ratio (90% CI) Analysis with weight as covariate Japanese:non- Cmax (ng/mL) 25 6 6 206.6 152.4 1.356 (1.082, 1.699) Japanese 100 6 12 491.01 377.76 1.300 (1.074, 1.573) 400 6 9 1169.59 833.33 1.404 (1.145, 1.721) AUC(0-inf) 25 6 6 4499.68 4348.37 1.035 (0.819, 1.308) (h × ng/mL) 100 6 12 14166.07 15151.67 0.935 (0.767, 1.140) 400 6 9 46025.41 35980.16 1.279 (1.035, 1.580) Analysis without weight as covariate Japanese:non- Cmax (ng/mL) 25 6 6 211.81 151.91 1.394 (1.122, 1.732) Japanese 100 6 12 491.66 373.32 1.317 (1.091, 1.589) 400 6 9 1184.74 826.58 1.433 (1.176, 1.747) AUC(0-inf) 25 6 6 4584.8 4337.82 1.057 (0.845, 1.323) (h × ng/mL) 100 6 12 14180.36 15017.18 0.944 (0.778, 1.147) 400 6 9 46473.56 35760.66 1.300 (1.059, 1.595)

Log-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters were fit using a general linear model with Japanese (Yes/No) as a factor together with baseline weight as a covariate. Geometric LS means and geometric LS mean ratio were back-transformed least squares mean and mean difference. Non-Japanese subjects in Parts A and B treated at the same dose as administered in Part D, are the Reference group and Japanese subjects are the Test group. Non-Japanese subjects in Parts A and B who self-identified as Asian were not included in the reference group.

CSF Compound A Pharmacokinetics

The CSF Compound A PK results for healthy adult subjects (Part B) administered single oral doses (50, 75, 100, 200, or 400 mg) of study drug are summarized in Table 10. Across the 50 to 400 mg doses, median CSF tmax values were 4.37 to 6.87 hours postdose (with the exception of the 50 mg dose for which median CSF tmax was 11.90 hours), occurring later than median plasma tmax values of 2 to 4 hours postdose (Table 3). Thereafter, CSF Compound A concentrations remained relatively stable for up to 18 hours postdose before declining.

Subjects underwent serial CSF sampling up to 30 hours postdose; therefore, it was not possible to characterize the terminal elimination phase of Compound A in CSF and the CSF Compound A half-life was not derived. Likewise, values for AUC(0-inf) could not be determined and values for AUC(0-t) were limited to 30 hours postdose. Both CSF Compound A Cmax and AUC(0-30 h) values increased with increasing doses in a subproportional manner. This was consistent with the subproportional increase observed in plasma Compound A Cmax and AUC(0-inf). Across various Compound A doses from 50 to 400 mg, the GM ratios of CSF Cmax to plasma Cmax were similar across doses, ranging from 2% to 2.77%. Similarly, the GM ratios of CSF AUC(0-t) to plasma AUC(0-t) were similar across doses, ranging from 2.41% to 2.80%.

TABLE 10 Summary of CSF Compound A Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Adult Subjects (Part B) Compound A^(a) 50 mg 75 mg 100 mg 200 mg 400 mg Parameter (N = 1) (N = 2) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) Cmax (ng/mL) n 1 2 6 6 6 GM (% CV) 6.27 (0.00) 6.66 (4.78) 7.20 (31.9) 12.8 (51.8) 15.3 (19.4) tmax (hour) n 1 2 6 6 6 Median (Min, Max)     11.90 (1.90, 11.90)     5.37 (4.87, 5.87)      6.87 (4.87, 17.90)      4.37 (1.87, 17.90)      5.37 (2.87, 17.90) AUC(0-30 h) (h × ng/mL) n 0 0 3 6 5 GM (% CV)  221 (12.0)  257 (27.9)  378 (23.0) AUC(0-t) (h × ng/mL) n 1 2 6 6 6 GM (% CV) 74.8 (.00)  96.8 (41.1) 81.7 (492)   257 (27.9)  334 (38.2) CSF:plasma Cmax ratio (expressed as %) n 1 2 6 6 6 GM (% CV) 2.00 (0.00) 2.64 (46.5) 1.94 (33.7) 2.14 (45.2) 2.03 (21.5) CSF:plasma AUC ratio^(b) (expressed as %) n 0 1 4 6 5 GM (% CV) 2.64 (0.00) 2.66 (18.9) 2.38 (15.5) 2.79 (10.7) ^(a)Compound A was administered under fasted conditions for all treatment groups in this analysis. ^(b)Ratios were determined from AUC(0-t) (or AUC(0-30 h), which was the last time point for CSF collection) rather than AUC(0-inf), since AUC(0-inf) could not be estimated for Compound A in CSF.

Urine Compound A Pharmacokinetics

The urine Compound A PK results for healthy adult subjects (Part A) administered single oral doses (10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1200 mg) of study drug and healthy elderly subjects administered a single oral 100 mg dose of study drug are summarized in Table 11. Over the Compound A dose range of 10 to 1200 mg, less than 1% of unchanged Compound A was eliminated in the urine, suggesting that renal excretion is not an important elimination pathway for Compound A in humans. GM CLR values were similar in healthy elderly and younger adult subjects administered single oral doses of Compound A 100 mg.

TABLE 11 Urine Compound A Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Adult Subjects (Part A) and Elderly Subjects (Part C) Compound A Elderly 10 mg 25 mg 50 mg 100 mg 100 mg 200 mg 400 mg 800 mg 1200 mg Parameter (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) Ae(0-96 h) (mg) 0.0218 0.0476 0.104 0.295 0.228 0.177 0.615 0.762 1.18 GM (% CV) (34.0) (27.0) (36.2) (78.4) (32.7) (79.3) (55.9) (22.6) (47.9) Fe(0-96 h) (%) 0.218 0.190 0.208 0.295 0.228 0.0885 0.154 0.0953 0.0979 GM (% CV) (34.0) (27.1) (36.1) (78.4) (32.7) (79.3) (56.0) (22.8) (47.9) CLR (L/h) 0.0137 0.0121 0.0161 0.0222 0.0132 0.0102 0.0202 0.0127 0.0172 GM (% CV) (38.8) (33.3) (42.0) (81.4) (35.4) (97.5) (71.5) (35.5) (56.0)

Pharmacodynamics

The key CSF cGMP results for healthy adult subjects (Part B) administered single oral doses of placebo or Compound A (50, 75, 100, 200, or 400 mg) are summarized in Table 12.

Across Compound A doses from 50 to 400 mg, mean maximum % CSF cGMP (Amax) increases from baseline ranged from 293% to 461%, and were higher than in placebo-treated subjects (76%). However there was no dose-dependent trend of increasing Amax values with increasing Compound A doses and there was no apparent correlation between Amax with Cmax, based on visual inspection of the scatter plot for these results. Amax appears to approach saturation within the Compound A dose range of 50 to 400 mg.

The median time to achieve Amax (tAmax) ranged from 5.37 to 12.9 hours across the Compound A doses tested with no dose-related trend. The mean ΔAUAC(0-30 h), which represented the average CSF cGMP increase from baseline over 30 hours postdose, was higher in all Compound A-treatment groups than in the placebo group. The ΔAUAC(0-30 h) for subjects administered Compound A 400 mg was higher than that of subjects administered lower doses. This observation is consistent with the visual impression of the concentration-time profiles of CSF cGMP, in which the PD effects of Compound A 400 mg was sustained for up to 24 hours postdose before starting to decline, whereas at the lower doses of 50 to 200 mg, CSF cGMP appeared to decline some time from 8 to 24 hours postdose.

TABLE 12 Summary of CSF cGMP Pharmacodynamic Parameters (Part B) Compound A^(a) Placebo 50 mg 75 mg 100 mg 200 mg 400 mg Parameter (N = 5) (N = 3) (N = 3) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) Amax (%) n 5 3 3 6 6 6 Mean (SD) 76.3 (18.8)     367 (92.6) 461 (86.3) 293 (67.8)   424 (127)     420 (123)     TAmax (hour) n 5 3 3 6 6 6 Median 7.87 (4.87, 17.9)   7.87 (4.87, 7,87)   5.87 (3.87, 13.9) 5.87 (2.87, 9.87) 5.37 (2.87, 17.9) 12.9 (3.87, 23.9) (min, max) ΔAUAC(0-30 h) (%) n 4 3 3 5 6 5 Mean (SD) −9.83 (13.7)     117 (51.7) 166 (9.61) 87.0 (33.9)     176 (89.5)   214 (82.3)   ^(a)Compound A was administered under tested conditions for all treatment groups in this analysis.

Parts A and C:

In Part A (healthy adult subjects), single oral doses of Compound A from 10 to 1200 mg were well tolerated. In Part C (healthy elderly subjects), a single dose of Compound A 100 mg was also well tolerated. In Parts A and C, there were no deaths or SAEs and no subjects withdrew from the study due to a TEAE. Across all doses of Compound A in Parts A and C, 23 (42.6%) subjects experienced at least 1 TEAE, compared to 3 (16.7%) subjects treated with placebo. In Part C (healthy elderly subjects treated with 100 mg of Compound A), 1 (16.7%) subject experienced at least 1 TEAE, and this was similar to the incidence in subjects in Part A and C treated with placebo. The most common TEAEs (reported in more than 1 subject) in Part A and C which occurred in subjects treated with Compound A were headache (11.6%), postural orthostatic tachycardia (5.6%), dizziness (5.6%), insomnia (5.6%), increase in orthostatic heart rate response (3.7%), and paresthesia (3.7%). Headache appeared to have a higher incidence than subjects on placebo. In subjects treated with Compound A, there were 3 (5.6%) subjects who had TEAE of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome with a similar incidence in subjects on placebo (1 [5.6%] subject affected). These subjects had increase in heart rate by greater than 30 beats per minute from the supine to standing position, with heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute on standing. This TEAE occurred in the healthy adult subjects at Compound A 25 and 50 mg, but not at other doses, and there were no dose-related trends. In subjects treated with Compound A 50 mg, there were 2 (3.7%) subjects who had TEAE of increased orthostatic heart rate response. Increased orthostatic heart rate response did not occur in subjects at doses above Compound A 50 mg or in healthy elderly subjects administered Compound A 100 mg. There were no changes of clinical importance in mean clinical laboratory values, vital signs, or ECG results over time.

Parts B

In Part B, single oral doses of Compound A from 50 to 400 mg were well tolerated in healthy adult subjects who underwent serial CSF sampling via an indwelling lumbar catheter during their first treatment period in the fasted state, and in the 100 mg cohort (without serial CSF sampling) during the second treatment period in the fed state. There were no deaths and no subjects withdrew from the study due to a TEAE. One placebo-treated subject experienced an SAE of post-dural puncture headache that was assessed by the investigator as not related to study drug. Across both treatment periods and all Compound A doses, 20 (83.3%) subjects experienced at least 1 TEAE, which was similar to the incidence in placebo-treated subjects (4 [80%] subjects). In the 100 mg Cohort, the incidence of any TEAEs in the fasted state (4 [66.7%] subjects) and in the fed state (3 [50%] subjects) was comparable. The most common TEAEs (reported in more than 1 subject) that were reported in Compound A-treated subjects were post lumbar puncture syndrome (37.5%), headache (29.2%), vomiting (20.8%), musculoskeletal stiffness (20.8%), back pain (20.8%), dizziness (16.7%), nausea (12.5%), pain in extremity (8.3%), procedural vomiting (8.3%), and procedural nausea (8.3%). These TEAEs were likely to be related to the serial CSF sampling procedure and had a similar incidence in Compound A-treated and placebo-treated subjects. The incidence of other TEAEs in Compound A-treated subjects was similar to, or lower than the incidence in placebo-treated subjects. There were no dose-related trends in various TEAEs to indicate increasing incidence with increasing Compound A doses. In subjects treated with Compound A 100 mg the incidence of TEAEs that were not assessed by the investigator to be related to the CSF sampling procedure was low and similar during the fasted and fed treatment conditions. There were no changes of clinical importance in mean clinical laboratory values, vital signs, or ECG results over time.

Parts D

In Part D (healthy Japanese adult subjects), single oral doses of Compound A from 25 to 400 mg were well tolerated. Across all doses of Compound A, 7 (38.9%) subjects experienced at least 1 TEAE, whereas no placebo-treated subjects reported TEAEs. The most common TEAE (reported in more than 1 subject) that occurred in Compound A-treated subjects was headache (3 [16.7%] subjects). The incidence of various TEAEs in Compound A-treated subjects was low (generally reported only in 1 subject) and generally similar to placebo-treated subjects. There were no dose-related trends in various TEAEs to indicate increasing incidence with increasing Compound A doses. The incidence of various TEAEs in Japanese subjects (Part D) and non-Japanese subjects (Part A) treated at the same dose of Compound A was similar. There were no changes of clinical importance in mean clinical laboratory values, vital signs, or ECG results over time.

CONCLUSIONS Pharmacokinetics Healthy Adult Subjects

1) After oral administration of single doses of 10 to 1200 mg, Compound A was rapidly absorbed with most subjects having quantifiable plasma concentrations within 0.5 hours postdose, with median tmax occurring at 2 to 4 hours postdose. Thereafter, Compound A showed biphasic disposition in its PK profile. During the initial disposition phase, plasma Compound A concentrations declined until approximately 12 hours postdose and then remained relatively stable until 24 hours postdose. From 24 hours postdose, Compound A showed first order kinetics during the terminal elimination phase with mean half life values ranging from 26.8 to 33.6 hours, which was comparable among doses. 2) Overall the GM Cmax and AUC(0-inf) values increased subproportionally with increasing Compound A doses from 10 to 1200 mg. In the dose range of 50 to 400 mg, which represents the potential target dose range for clinical development, dose normalized Cmax and AUC(0-inf) values decreased with increasing doses. 3) When Compound A 100 mg was administered in the fed state after a high fat and high calorie meal, there was a 44.4% increase in the geometric LS mean Cmax and a 19.2% increase in the geometric LS mean AUC(0-inf), while median tmax and mean half-life were similar in the fed and fasted states. The small increase in Cmax and AUC(0-inf) was not considered to be clinically significant and Compound A may be administered with or without food. 4) After single doses of Compound A at 100 to 400 mg, distribution of Compound A into CSF was slightly delayed with median CSF tmax ranging from 4.37 to 6.87 hours postdose, which occurred later than median plasma tmax. Thereafter, CSF concentrations remained relatively stable up to 18 hours postdose before declining. Across various doses from 50 to 400 mg, the mean CSF: plasma ratios (expressed as percentages) of Compound A Cmax or AUC(0-t) were similar, ranging from 2% to 3%. Based on in vitro protein binding, free Compound A (non-protein bound) concentrations in plasma would be 2.7% to 3.4% of total plasma Compound A concentrations. Thus, the CSF Compound A concentrations were similar to the free Compound A concentrations in plasma. 5) Less than 1% of the dose of Compound A was excreted unchanged in urine, suggesting that renal excretion is not an important elimination pathway for Compound A in humans.

Healthy Elderly Subjects

1) In healthy elderly subjects administered Compound A 100 mg, the geometric LS mean Cmax was approximately 45.5% higher and geometric LS mean AUC(0-inf) was approximately 41.5% higher than in younger healthy adult subjects. The mean terminal half-life in healthy elderly subjects was approximately 10 hours longer than in younger healthy adult subjects.

Healthy Japanese Adult Subjects

1) In healthy Japanese subjects the geometric LS mean Cmax was 35.2% higher than non-Japanese subjects across the 3 Compound A doses and this effect did not appear to be dose-dependent. In healthy Japanese subjects the geometric LS mean AUC(0-inf) was comparable to non-Japanese subjects at 25 and 100 mg doses, but higher than non-Japanese subjects by 27.9% at 400 mg. The mean half-life appeared to be similar between Japanese and non-Japanese subjects at all dose levels, but GM CL/F appeared to be higher in Japanese than non-Japanese subjects administered Compound A 400 mg. 2) In healthy Japanese subjects, GM Cmax and AUC(0-inf) values increased subproportionally with increasing Compound A doses just as in the non-Japanese subjects. 3) It is considered that there are no clinically significant differences in Cmax or AUC(0-inf) between Japanese subjects and non-Japanese subjects. No Compound A dose adjustments are required when Compound A is administered to Japanese subjects.

Pharmacodynamics

1) Single doses of Compound A 50 to 400 mg resulted in elevation of CSF cGMP from baseline during the first 4 hours postdose. CSF cGMP concentrations then remained relatively stable for at least 4 hours further, before starting to decline, but still remained above baseline at 30 hours postdose. 2) Across Compound A doses from 50 to 400 mg, mean maximum % CSF cGMP (Amax) increases from baseline ranged from 293% to 461% and were higher than in placebo-treated subjects (76%). However, there was no dose-dependent trend of increasing Amax with increasing Compound A doses and the Amax appeared to approach saturation within the dose range investigated (Compound A 50 to 400 mg). The CSF cGMP PD effects appeared to be sustained for a longer period in subjects administered Compound A 400 mg compared to the lower doses. There were no correlations between plasma Compound A PK parameters (such as Cmax and AUC(0-inf)) and CSF cGMP PD parameters (such as Amax and ΔAUAC(0-30 h)).

Safety

1) Compound A was well tolerated in healthy adult subjects administered single oral doses of Compound A across the dose range of 10 to 1200 mg, and the maximum tolerated dose was not reached within the 120-fold range of increasing Compound A doses. 2) There were no Compound A dose-related trends in the incidence of various TEAEs. Most TEAEs were of mild severity. 3) There were no clinically significant changes in hematology, biochemistry and urinalysis values associated with Compound A at 10 to 1200 mg. 4) There were no clinically significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature associated with Compound A at 10 to 1200 mg. 5) There were no effects of Compound A on ECG morphology, heart rate, PR interval and QRS interval. The exposure-response relationship of the ΔΔQTcF showed that even at the Cmax at the highest doses of 800 to 1200 mg the upper 90% CI of the ΔΔQTcF was less than 10 ms in healthy subjects. 6) A single oral dose of Compound A 100 mg was well tolerated in healthy elderly subjects. The safety profile of Compound A in healthy elderly subjects was similar to that of healthy younger adult subjects. 7) Single oral doses of Compound A 25, 100, and 400 mg were well tolerated in healthy Japanese adult subjects. The safety profile of Compound A in healthy Japanese adult subjects was similar to that of non-Japanese subjects, including the exposure-QTcF relationship.

A study to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Compound A in healthy subjects

Arm Experimental: Compound A

Four sequential cohorts of healthy participants (≥50 years and ≤85 years old) were treated with multiple ascending doses of Compound A up to the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). A total of 6 participants per cohort were randomized to Compound A. Proposed doses of Compound A were:

Part A

Cohort 1: 50 mg (1×50 mg capsule) Cohort 2: 100 mg (2×50 mg capsules) Cohort 3: 200 mg (4×50 mg capsules) Cohort 4: 400 mg (8×50 mg capsules) Cohort 6: 25 mg (5×5 mg capsules)

Part B

Cohort 5: 400 mg (8×50 mg capsule)

Part C

Cohort 7: 50 mg (1×50 mg capsules)

Part D

Cohort 8: 5 mg (1×5 mg capsules) Cohort 9: 10 mg (2×5 mg capsules) Placebo Comparator. Placebo

Four sequential cohorts of healthy participants (≥50 years and ≤85 years old) were treated with multiple ascending doses of Compound A matched placebo up to the MTD. A total of 2 participants per cohort were randomized to Compound A matched placebo.

Intervention/Treatment Drug: Compound A

Participants received Compound A capsules, orally once daily (QD) on Days 1 to 14 after an overnight fast of at least 10 hours. Compound A was administered orally with 240 milliliter (mL) (8 fluid ounces) of water.

Drug: Compound A matched placebo Participants received Compound A matched placebo capsules, orally once daily (QD) on Days 1 to 14 after an overnight fast of at least 10 hours. Compound A matched placebo was administered orally with 240 mL (8 fluid ounces) of water.

Outcome Measures

1) Maximum drug concentration (Cmax) [Time Frame: Day 1 and Day 14]

Blood samples were collected on Day 1 at predose and postdose 0.5 (30 minutes), 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 18 hours; Day 14 (at predose and postdose 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 18 hours); and Day 15 (24 hours postdose from Day 14).

2) Mean time to reach maximum (peak) drug concentration (tmax) [Time Frame: Day 1 and Day 14]

Blood samples were collected on Day 1 at predose and postdose 0.5 (30 minutes), 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours; Day 14 (at predose and postdose 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 18 hours); and Day 15 (24 hours postdose from Day 14).

3) Mean area under the concentration-time curve from zero time to 24 hours postdose (AUC(0-24 h)) [Time Frame: Day 1 and Day 14]

Blood samples were collected on Day 1 at predose and postdose 0.5 (30 minutes), 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours; Day 14 (at predose and postdose 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 18 hours); and Day 15 (24 hours postdose from Day 14).

4) Mean area under the concentration-time curve from zero time extrapolated to infinity (AUC(0-inf)) [Time Frame: Day 14]

Blood samples were collected on Day 14 (at predose and postdose 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 18 hours) and Day 15 (24 hours postdose from Day 14).

5) Mean ratio of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): plasma concentrations [Time Frame: Day −2 (time-matched to the Day 13 lumbar puncture [LP]) and Day 13 (predose)] 6) Percentage change from Baseline in pharmacodynamic measure [Time Frame: Day −2 (baseline with no drug) to Day 13 (on drug)]

The results are summarized in the following Tables 13 to 18.

TABLE 13 Summary of Plasma Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Compound A on Day 1 Parts A, B and D Compound A 400 mg 400 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 50 mg 100 mg 200 mg Non-Japanese Japanese Parameter (N = 5) (N = 5) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) Cmax (ng/mL) Mean (SD) 27.4 (8.14) 66.2 (11.5) 129 (30.9)  237 (115) 373 (87.1) 740 (257) 1100 (142) 1520 (236) Median 26.6 65.8 136 226 344 813 1140 1510 Min, Max 14.8, 34.7 53.0, 83.8 76.1, 160  117, 414 296, 533 283, 955   866, 1290 1270, 1840 GM (% CV) 26.3 (35.8) 65.5 (17.1) 125 (28.0)  214 (54.1) 366 (21.7)  687 (49.0)  1100 (13.6)  1510 (15.6) tmax (h) Median  4.00  2.00    3.01    3.53    2.53    2.01     1.76     2.00 Min, Max 2.00, 4.00 1.50, 4.00 2.00, 5.00 2.00, 4.02 1.50, 6.00 1.03, 23.65 1.03, 3.00 1.00, 5.00 AUC(0-24 h) (h × ng/mL) Mean (SD)  352 (84.7)  784 (77.8) 1670 (244)  3110 (993)  5250 (511)  9050 (2600) 14600 (1820) 18400 (1790) Median 340   735   1700  3060  5180  10400  14700  18900  Min, Max 246, 451 721, 895 1320, 1940 1880, 4340 4730, 6210 4560, 11000 12700, 17700 15800, 20700 GM (% CV)  344 (25.2)  781 (9.72) 1650 (15.1)  2970 (34.3) 5230 (9.33)  8650 (36.2)  14500 (12.2)  18300 (9.93) 

TABLE 14 Summary of Plasma Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Compound A on Day 14 Parts A, B and D Compound A 400 mg 400 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 50 mg 100 mg 200 mg Non-Japanese Japanese Parameter (N = 5) (N = 5) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) Cmax (ng/mL) Mean 61.7 (22.6)  137 (27.4)  336 (59.6) 788 (133) 1020 (177) 1730 (437) 2820 (689) 3100 (400) (SD) Median   49.4  144 318  807  1030  1950 3050 3250 Min, 41.7, 93.6 98.4, 165  266, 414 581, 935  715, 1190 1090, 2080 1900, 3610 2580, 3560 Max GM 58.6 (36.3)  135 (21.5)  332 (17.6)  778 (18.2)  1010 (19.0)  1680 (28.7)  2740 (26.7)  3080 (13.3) (% CV) tmax (h) Median    4.00     1.50    3.00     1.50     2.56     2.00     1.79     1.50 Min, 1.00, 5.00 1.00, 3.03 2.03, 4.02 1.47, 2.07 1.07, 5.00 1.00, 5.03 1.52, 4.00 1.50, 2.02 Max AUC(0- 24 h) (h × ng/mL) Mean 864 (214) 1940 (401)  5210 (948) 11800 (2780)  16000 (2980) 23100 (4720) 40300 (9870) 42900 (4640) (SD) Median 773 1980 4760  10900 16800 21300 43900  43200  Min,  668, 1150 1410, 2500 4300, 6490  8410, 15800 12700, 21400 18000, 29300 26400, 50000 36800, 48500 Max GM  844 (24.5) 1900 (21.3)  5140 (17.7) 11500 (23.9)  16600 (18.0)  22800 (20.4)  39200 (27.2)  42700 (11.0)  (% CV) AUC(0- inf) (h × ng/mL) Mean 2480 (766)   5260 (1490) 16200 (6060) 40700 (14200)  58600 (16000)  72200 (18900) 135000 (66200) 125000 (26600) (SD) Median 2510  5360 14000  38100 62700 61900 141000  120000  Min, 1610, 3530 3700, 7410 11100, 26700 22500, 59000 30600, 74000  57300, 103000  59300, 239000  99000, 165000 Max GM 2380 (32.3)  5100 (28.6) 15400 (35.5)  38600 (38.7)  56400 (33.7)  70500 (24.5)  121000 (56.8)  122000 (21.1)  (% CV)

TABLE 15 Summary of Plasma Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Compound A Part C Compound A 50 mg Parameter (N = 10) Cmax (ng/mL) Mean (SD)  608 (142) Median 590 Min, Max 388, 920 GM (% CV)  594 (22.9) tmax (h) Median    1.98 Min, Max 1.02, 4.02 AUC(0-24 h) (h × ng/mL) Mean (SD) 10800 (2390) Median 10600  Min, Max 6920, 15400 GM (% CV) 10500 (22.7) 

TABLE 16 CSF cGMP (ug/L) - Mean, Mean Change, Mean % Change from Baseline by Timepoint Parts A and D Compound A 400 mg Placebo 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 50 mg 100 mg 200 mg Non-Japanese Visit (N = 10) (N = 5) (N = 5) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) (N = 6) Day 13 Mean 1.490 1.964 2.704 3.283 5.778 6.066 5.702 4.945 Std 0.3265 0.6381 0.6871 0.8799 2.3494 2.0510 1.4554 1.5090 Median 1.430 1.730 2.620 3.225 4.870 5.420 5.640 4.370 Min, Max  1.06, 1.90 1.24, 2.82 2.04, 3.85 1.91, 4.46 4.25, 9.95 3.56, 9.00 3.89, 7.41 3.44, 7.58 CV 21.91 32.49 25.41 26.80 40.66 33.81 25.53 30.52 Change from Baseline Mean −0.041 0.491 1.276 2.058 3.750 4.352 3.810 3.302 Std 0.2373 0.2207 0.2516 0.7641 1.5919 1.5263 1.2518 1.3389 Median 0.030 0.350 1.390 1.979 3.260 3.960 3.755 2.920 Min, Max −0.41, 0.22 0.32, 0.80 0.87, 1.49 0.79, 2.91 2.62, 6.51 2.28, 6.11 2.45, 5.49 2.02, 5.67 CV −578.72 44.98 19.71 37.13 42.45 35.07 32.85 40.55 % Change from Baseline Mean 0.154 33.162 94.222 170.369 191.445 260.350 201.165 198.283 Std 14.6640 10.0747 23.9898 63.5721 51.7750 77.6555 58.8963 61.6483 Median 2.055 29.954 104.348 183.494 189.244 258.784 192.932 191.646 Min, Max −22.36, 16.67 25.36, 49.69  63.14, 116.26  70.54, 246.90 117.49, 262.77 178.13, 382.19 131.38, 306.70 133.71, 296.86 CV 9496.49 30.38 25.46 37.31 27.04 29.83 29.28 31.09

TABLE 17 CSF cGMP (ug/L) - Mean, Mean Change, Mean % Change from Baseline by Timepoint Part C Compound A 50 mg Visit (N = 10) Day 13 Mean 4.620 Std 1.0762 Median 4.265 Min, Max 3.11, 6.27 CV 23.29 Change from Baseline Mean 3.206 Std 0.9055 Median 3.065 Min, Max 1.91, 4.51 CV 28.25 % Change from Baseline Mean 229.107 Std 60.5077 Median 218.491 Min, Max 152.47, 350.81 CV 26.41

TABLE 18 CSF cGMP (ug/L) - Mean, Mean Change, Mean % Change from Baseline by Timepoint Part C Compound A 50 mg Visit (N = 10) Day 41 Mean 4.511 Std 1.3698 Median 4.650 Min, Max 2.72, 6.56 CV 30.37 Change from Baseline Mean 3.097 Std 1.2607 Median 2.975 Min, Max 1.52, 5.32 CV 40.71 % Change from Baseline Mean 222.283 Std 96.7637 Median 182.044 Min, Max 126.67, 429.03 CV 43.53 

1. An oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects, and said Compound A is (S)-7-(2-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)-1-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-4(5H)-one represented by Formula (1)


2. The oral dosage form of claim 1, wherein said single daily dose ranges from about 25 mg to about 400 mg.
 3. The oral dosage form of claim 1, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-inf) of from about 72.6 to about 217.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.
 4. The oral dosage form of claim 1, wherein said therapeutically effective amount is single daily dose to achieve a mean AUC(0-t) of from about 71.0 to about 210.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.
 5. An oral dosage form comprising about 25 mg to about 400 mg of Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and said Compound A is (S)-7-(2-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-4-yl)-1-(tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-4(5H)-one represented by Formula (1)


6. The oral dosage form of claim 5, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean Cmax of from about 1.8 ng/mL to about 7.6 ng/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.
 7. The oral dosage form of claim 5, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean AUC(0-inf) of from about 72.6 to about 217.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.
 8. The oral dosage form of claim 5, wherein said Compound A or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof at a single daily dose achieves a mean AUC(0-t) of from about 71.0 to about 210.0 ng*hr/mL for each 1 mg of Compound A after administration to human subjects.
 9. (canceled)
 10. A method of treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia, comprising administering orally to a human subject in need thereof the oral dosage form of claim
 1. 11. A method of treating Alzheimer's disease or Lewy body dementia, comprising administering orally to a human subject in need thereof the oral dosage form of claim
 5. 